ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To assess the maternal blood levels of fatty acids (FAs) in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (FGR). Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included pregnant women with gestational age between 26 and 37 + 6 weeks with FGR and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses. The levels of saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FAs were measured using centrifugation and liquid chromatography. The Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and general linear model, with gestational age and maternal weight as covariants, were used to compare FA levels and the FGR and AGA groups. The Chi-square was used to evaluate the association between groups and studied variables. Results: Maternal blood sample was collected from 64 pregnant women, being 24 FGR and 40 AGA. A weak positive correlation was found between the palmitoleic acid level and maternal weight (r = 0.285, p = 0.036). A weak negative correlation was found between the gamma-linoleic acid level and gestational age (r = −0.277, p = 0.026). The median of the elaidic acid level (2.3 vs. 4.7ng/ml, p = 0.045) and gamma-linoleic acid (6.3 vs. 6.6ng/ml, p = 0.024) was significantly lower in the FGR than the AGA group. The palmitoleic acid level was significantly higher in the FGR than AGA group (50.5 vs. 47.6ng/ml, p = 0.033). Conclusion: Pregnant women with FGR had lower elaidic acid and gamma-linoleic acid levels and higher palmitoleic acid levels than AGA fetuses.
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis sanguíneos maternos de ácidos graxos (AGs) em gestações com restrição de crescimento fetal (RCF). Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo transversal incluiu gestantes com idade gestacional entre 26 e 37 semanas e 6 dias com RCF e fetos adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG). Os níveis de ácidos graxos saturados, trans, monoinsaturados e poliinsaturados foram medidos usando centrifugação e cromatografia líquida. O teste t-Student, o teste de Mann-Whitney e o modelo linear geral, com idade gestacional e peso materno como covariantes, foram utilizados para comparar os níveis de AGs e os grupos RCF e AIG. O teste Qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar a associação entre os grupos e as variáveis estudadas. Resultados: Amostra de sangue materno foi coletada de 64 gestantes, sendo 24 RCF e 40 AIG. Uma correlação positiva fraca foi encontrada entre o nível de ácido palmitoleico e o peso materno (r = 0,285, p = 0,036). Uma correlação negativa fraca foi encontrada entre o nível de ácido gama-linoleico ea idade gestacional (r = −0,277, p = 0,026). A mediana do nível de ácido elaídico (2,3 vs. 4,7 ng/ml, p = 0,045) e ácido gama-linoleico (6,3 vs. 6,6 ng/ml, p = 0,024) foram significativamente menores no grupo RCF do que no grupo AIG. O nível de ácido palmitoleico foi significativamente maior no grupo RCF do que no grupo AIG (50,5 vs. 47,6 ng/ml, p = 0,033). Conclusão: Gestantes com RCF apresentaram níveis mais baixos de ácido elaídico e ácido gama-linoleico e níveis mais elevados de ácido palmitoleico do que os fetos AIG.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Fatty Acids , Fetal Growth RetardationABSTRACT
【Objective】 To investigate the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in umbilical cord blood and maternal blood from 2012 to 2021, so as to improve the collection of umbilical cord blood and guarantee the safety of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) . 【Methods】 Detection results of pathogenic microorganisms of umbilical cord blood and maternal blood among 64 077 cases from Tianjin Cord Blood Bank from 2012 to 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. 【Results】 A total of, 2 072 cases (3.23%) were detected positive, among which, 184 cases (0.29%) were positive for aerobic bacteria culture, 1 504 cases (2.34%) were positive for anaerobic bacteria culture, and 384 cases (0.60%) were positive for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria culture. From 2012 to 2021,the overall positive rate showed a downward trend, with a difference in the positive rate between each year (P<0.05). The positive rate of anaerobic bacteria was higher than that of aerobic bacteria and that of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria (P<0.05). After Gram staining, the microscopic detection rate of bacterial positive samples was highest in G- bacilli, followed by G+ bacilli, G+ cocci, G- cocci and others. Among the 64 077 cases, 169 cases (0.26%) showed reactivity in cord blood tests and 1 231 cases (1.92%) showed reactivity in maternal blood tests. Umbilical cord blood and maternal blood HIV-Ag/Ab tests showed reactivity after initial screening. After confirmation by Western blotting, there was 1 case of uncertain maternal blood, while the rest were negative. The reactive rates of anti-TP (0.12%) and anti- HCV (0.11%) in umbilical cord blood were higher than those of HBsAg (0.03%) and CMV-IgM (1/64 077).There was a difference in the reactive rate of anti-TP detection in umbilical cord blood between different years (P<0.05),while there was no statistically significant difference in that of HBsAg, anti-HCV and CMV-IgM (P> 0.05).The reactive rate of HBsAg in maternal blood (1.38%) was higher than that of CMV-IgM(0.29%) , anti-TP(0.13%) and anti-HCV (0.12%) . There were differences in the reactive rates of HBsAg, anti-HCV ,and anti-TP in maternal blood among different years (P<0.05),and that of HBsAg showed a decreasing trend, while the reactive rate of CMV-IgM was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The reactive rates of HBsAg and CMV-IgM detected in maternal blood were significantly higher than those in umbilical cord blood (P<0.05) . The reactive rates of anti-HCV and anti-TP in maternal blood were consistent with those in umbilical cord blood (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 The reactive rates of anti-HIV and CMV-IgM in cord blood, and that of anti-HIV in maternal blood are low, but those of anti-TP and anti-HCV in cord blood are relatively high. The reactive rate of HBsAg is high in maternal blood,but with a downward trend,but low in umbilical cord blood due to maternal-infantile transmission blocking. The detection of transfusion transmitted pathogens and bacteria plays a critical role on the safety of umbilical cord blood HSCs. Effective detection of transfusion transmitted pathogens and culture of bacteria are the key to ensure the quality of umbilical cord blood, which can improve the safety of umbilical cord blood HSCs transplantation.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#The effects of prenatal exposure to toxic elements on birth outcomes and child development have been an area of concern. This study aimed to assess the profile of prenatal exposure to toxic elements, arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), mercury (total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MHg), inorganic mercury (IHg)), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb) and tin (Sn), and essential trace elements, copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn), using the maternal blood, cord blood and placenta in the Tohoku Study of Child Development of Japan (N = 594-650).@*METHODS@#Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentrations of these elements (except mercury). Levels of THg and MeHg were measured using cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry and a gas chromatograph-electron capture detector, respectively.@*RESULTS@#Median concentrations (25th-75th) of As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn and THg in the maternal blood were 4.06 (2.68-6.81), 1.18 (0.74-1.79), 10.8 (8.65-13.5), 0.2 (0.06-0.40) and 0.2 (0.1-0.38) ng mL and 5.42 (3.89-7.59) ng g, respectively. Median concentrations (25th-75th) of As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn and THg in the cord blood were 3.68 (2.58-5.25), 0.53 (0.10-1.25), 9.89 (8.02-12.5), 0.39 (0.06-0.92) and 0.2 (0.2-0.38) ng mL and 9.96 (7.05-13.8) ng g, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#THg and Sb levels in the cord blood were twofold higher than those in the maternal blood. Cord blood to maternal blood ratios for As, Cd and Sb widely varied between individuals. To understand the effects of prenatal exposure, further research regarding the variations of placental transfer of elements is necessary.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Fetal Blood , Chemistry , Japan , Maternal Exposure , Maternal-Fetal Exchange , Metals , Blood , Placenta , Chemistry , Blood , Trace Elements , Blood , Urban HealthABSTRACT
O rastreamento fetal de aneuploidia apresentou uma evolução fantástica a partir da avaliação individual da idade materna até os dias atuais, na qual evidências sugerem que o teste de avaliação do DNA fetal livre no sangue materno detecta mais de 99% dos casos de trissomia do cromossomo 21 e, aproximadamente, 98% dos casos de trissomia do 18 e 92%, do 13, com taxas de falso-positivo de 0,1; 0,1 e 0,3%, respectivamente. Recentemente, o grupo de trabalho em boas práticas médicas da Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia recomendou que todas as gestantes, independentemente da idade, deveriam realizar uma avaliação de risco para aneuploidias por meio da translucência nucal, do teste combinado ou do teste de DNA fetal livre no sangue materno. O teste invasivo para diagnóstico de aneuploidia não deveria ser realizado considerando apenas a idade materna como fator de risco. O objetivo desta revisão foi apresentar esta nova ferramenta de rastreio, presente em muitos centros, e descrever as estratégias para implementação de tal tecnologia na prática clínica diária.(AU)
Screening for fetal aneuploidy has a tremendous evolution from maternal age to now where recent evidence suggests that cell-free DNA testing in maternal blood can detect more than 99% of cases of trisomy 21, about 98% of trisomy 18, and 92% of trisomy 13, with respective false-positive rates of 0.1, 0.1, and 0.3%. Recently, the working group on the best practice on maternal fetal medicine of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics has recommended as a good medical practice that pregnant women, regardless of maternal age, be offered prenatal assessment for aneuploidy through nuchal translucency, combined test, or cell-free DNA testing. The invasive procedure for diagnosis of aneuploidy should be avoided taking into account only the maternal age as a risk factor nowadays. The purpose of this review was to present this new screening tool available in most centers and to describe the strategies for implementation of this technology on the daily clinical practice.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Maternal Serum Screening Tests/methods , Cell-Free Nucleic Acids/chemistry , Aneuploidy , Prenatal Care/methods , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
AIM: The presence of circulatory cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma has found new applications in non-invasive risk-free prenatal diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We made use of a size separation approach along with real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the use of fetal DNA in the detection of the sex of the fetus. Cell-free fetal DNA was isolated from the plasma of 30 women (10–20 weeks gestation) using a size separation approach. We made use of Taq Man Chemistry and real time PCR using primers and probes for GAPDH and SRY. RESULTS: Only 24 cases could be studied as there was no amplification in six cases. Fetal sex was accurately determined in all of the 24 cases wherein 19 women were carrying male fetuses and five women were carrying female fetuses. An increase in the amount of fetal DNA was observed with an increase in the gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Real time PCR analysis is a highly sensitive and accurate tool for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis, allowing detection of the sex of the fetus as early as 10 weeks of gestation. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis eliminates the risk of fetal loss associated with the invasive procedure.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Fetus/blood , Fetus/cytology , Gestational Age , Humans , India , Male , Maternal-Fetal Exchange , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Prenatal Diagnosis/methods , Sex-Determining Region Y ProteinABSTRACT
The discovery of circulating fetal DNA paves a new way for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. Examining the specific fetal DNA sequence of the circulating fetal DNA has been used for prenatal diagnosis of sex-linked disorders, fetal rhesus D blood typing and single gene inheritance disease. The variation of the circulating DNA levels can also be used for diagnosis of preeclampsia, premature delivery, and fetal chromosome disorders. This paper aims to review the biochemistry characters and clinical application of the circulating fetal DNA in maternal peripheral plasma.
ABSTRACT
El diagnóstico prenatal temprano y no invasor por medio del análisis de células o ADN fetalescirculantes en la sangre materna es un área prometedora de la obstetricia moderna. Entre lasenfermedades que se pueden diagnosticar o cuyo comportamiento es posible predecir por estosmétodos se encuentran la preeclampsia, la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino y el partopretérmino. Algunas condiciones fetales que podrían detectarse son el sexo, ciertas anomalíascromosómicas y los defectos de un solo gen. Sin embargo, estas técnicas tienen limitaciones y hastael momento no se practican de manera rutinaria. Con esta revisión pretendemos darles a loslectores información actualizada sobre las principales técnicas para el estudio de las células y elADN fetales circulantes en la sangre materna y sus aplicaciones. Para tal fin se hizo una búsqueda enrevistas indexadas hasta 2008 en las bases Pubmed, Scielo y Latindex y se escogieron, a juicio de lasautoras, artículos especialmente relevantes.
Non invasive prenatal diagnosis: analysis of circulating fetal DNA and cells in maternal bloodPrenatal non invasive diagnosis by means of analyses of foetal DNA or cells circulating in maternalblood is one of the most promising areas of obstetrics. Among maternal diseases that could bediagnosed by these methods, or whose behaviour could be predicted, are preeclampsia, growthrestriction and preterm labour. Some foetal conditions that could be detected are sex, chromosomalanomalies and single-gene defects. However, these are complex and expensive techniques that arenot regularly performed in health care institutions. With this review we intend to provide the readerswith up to date information on the main techniques available for the study of circulating foetal cellsand DNA, and on their possible clinical applications. The review was based on a search for journalsindexed up to 2008 in Pubmed, Scielo and Latindex. Especially relevant articles were chosen by theauthors.
Subject(s)
Humans , DNA , Cells , Prenatal DiagnosisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify prenatal fetal sex and chromosomal aneuploidies by FISH using isolation of fetal nucleated RBCs. METHODS: peripheral blood samples was collected from 37 women between 11 and 24 weeks of gestation. we tried to enrich nucleated RBCs morphologically by Kleihaur-Betke staining after double gradient centrifugation and magnetic activating cell sorting (MACS) from maternal blood. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses with CEP X and CEP Y probes for K-B positive nucleated RBCs were performed to detect whether fetal cells were existed among nucleated RBCs by observation of sex chromosomes. RESULTS: The average number of K-B positive nucleated RBCs separated from 10ml of maternal blood was 17.3 (+/-17.2) and the maximum number of nucleated RBCs was 54. We observed FISH signals in nucleated RBCs separated from 18 pregnant women, and Y probe signals were observed in 67.3% of nucleated RBCs separated from 10 pregnant women. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that separated nucleated fetal RBCs can be used to identify fetal sex and chromosomal aneuploidies by FISH. Since nucleated RBCs from maternal origin were not excluded, further studies are needed to overcome this limitation.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Aneuploidy , Centrifugation , Fluorescence , In Situ Hybridization , Pregnant Women , Prenatal Diagnosis , Sex ChromosomesABSTRACT
Advances in molecular genetics have led to prenatal DNA diagnosis, using either invasive or noninvasive approach. Fetal cells are one of the sources for prenatal diagnosis. Standard prenatal genetic diagnosis currently involves chorion villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis, which are invasive techniques. Noninvasive methods such as maternal serum biochemical screening (triple markers) in combination with ultrasonography can now detect a large percentage of chromosomal and congenital anomalies. However their lack of optimal specificity and sensitivity compels the use of invasive techniques, which pose a small but significant risk of pregnancy loss. The presence of fetal cells in maternal circulation as early as 6 weeks of gestation has opened new avenues of noninvasive approach to prenatal diagnosis in identifying successfully both Chromosome and molecular genetic abnormalities. Several attempts have been made to detect and retrieve fetal nucleated cells including nucleated erythrocytes (NRBCs), leucocytes and trophoblasts in maternal blood. A number of clinical and laboratory studies are continuing throughout the world to determine the feasibility of isolation of fetal cells from maternal blood and its subsequent use in genetic diagnosis by FISH and PCR technology. This article thus reviews the latest literature on fetal cells from maternal blood with an intention of pursuing research with this novel noninvasive approach, which is the need of today in India.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Prenatal determination of a blood antigen of a fetus at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn makes the obstetrician facilitate to take timely procedures such as intra-uterine transfusion or plasma exchange. However, determining the phenotype of a fetal antigen is of limited use because fetal RBCs must be obtained by periumbilical blood sampling which entails considerably greater adverse outcomes than an amniocentesis does. METHODS: Genotypes of Rh, MN and Kell systems using 14 amniotic fluid samples were compared with phenotypes of cord blood. The incidence of maternal blood contamination in 8 amniotic fluid samples which were obtained during mid-trimester was estimated by amplification of variable number of tandem repeat(VNTR) D1S80. The detection sensitivity of each technique was evaluated by artificially mixed samples. RESULTS: All the 14 paired samples of amniotic fluid and cord blood showed identical results between the genotype of amniocyte and the phenotype of cord blood. Of 8 paired samples of amniotic fluid and maternal blood, D1S80 VNTRs of fetuses were evidently amplified and there were no evidence of maternal blood contamination. The detection sensitivity of Rh(E) and Rh(c) genotyping was 0.5% by ethidium bromide staining, while D1S80 VNTR was 10%. Heterozygosity of D1S80 VNTR was 94%. CONCLUSIONS: Genotypes of Rh, MN and Kell systems could be prenatally determined by this technique. Since the heterozygosity of D1S80 VNTR is high up to 94% in Koreans, D1S80 VNTR could be effectively used in determining the maternal blood contamination of amniotic fluid. The prenatal determination of fetal red cell antigen genotypes by this technique will be helpful for the management of sensitized pregnancies at risk for HDN.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Amniocentesis , Amniotic Fluid , Blood Group Antigens , DNA , Ethidium , Fetal Blood , Fetus , Genotype , Incidence , Phenotype , Plasma ExchangeABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the blood lead levels in 141 pregnant women who were not occupationally exposed to lead and their umbilical cord, arid to identify some differences in blood lead levels by living area. ; The subjects-were all delivered at St. Benedict Hospital in Pusan and the blood lead levels were measured by graphite furance atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The summarized results were as follows. 1. The geometric mean lead levels in maternal and cord blood were 8.0+/-1.8microgram/dl, 5.0+/-0.6lmicrogram/dl respectively. 2. Lead levels in maternal (8.7+/-1.7microgram/dl) and cord blood(5.4+/-0.7microgram/dl) of industrial area(n=24) were higher than residential area(n= 124) which were 7.9+/-1.7microgram/dl and 5.0+/-0.6microgram/dl respectively (p<0.05). 3. Maternal blood lead concentration was significantly correlated to cord blood lead concentration (r=0.6090, p<0.001), but other variables (maternal age, paternal smoking, birth weight, etc) were not correlated.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Absorption , Birth Weight , Fetal Blood , Graphite , Occupations , Paternal Age , Pregnant Women , Smoke , Smoking , Umbilical CordABSTRACT
The biochemical study of the nutritional status of 101 healthy pregnant women and cord blood samples showed that maternal serum protein, albumin, hemoglobin (Hb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and calcium (Ca) were decreased, and serum transferrin and copper (Cu) were increased in the course of gestation.Correlation coefficients and stepwise regression analysis suggested that the concentrations of serum protein, Fe, Zn, Ca,Hb were positively correlated with the intake of calories, proteins, animal foods (especially fish and meats), Ca and vitamin C.The concentration of cord blood Ca,Zn and Fe were found highly related to the maternal serum levels in the late stage of pregnancy (P